How to Handle & Store Natural History Artifacts

Natural history specimens and artifacts are found in most collections, not just those of natural history museums. We'll go over some important overall information and break down storage, handling and environment guidelines for common specimens.

Storage Materials

In general, storage materials should be acid- and lignin-free. Any paper material in direct contact with objects containing animal protein should be unbuffered. Any plastic used should be inert, including foam used to pad boxes or shelves.

Labeling

Labeling collections is important because it links objects to the documentation that tells their story. It also minimizes the need for excessive handling of objects, reducing the chance of damage or loss. Labels should be reversible and non-damaging. They also help with inventory control and prevent loss through theft.

Labeling Guidelines

Size & Placement
- Use small numbers for marking
- Choose an unobtrusive location
Alternative Labeling
- For some items, labeling the object's enclosure may be preferable

Environmental condition Guidelines

Natural history specimens are more susceptible to damage caused by temperature and humidity fluctuations and pests than other artifacts. Therefore, it's important to monitor the storage area regularly. As a general guideline, keep the temperature 65-70°F and relative humidity between 45 and 55% to prevent mold growth. Implementing an IPM (Integrated Pest Management) strategy will help protect your collection from damage caused by rodents and insects. Learn more about IPM >

Specific Specimen Guidelines

Taxidermy Specimens

Environment: Cool temperature (65-70°F) and moderate RH (below 60%). Avoid direct sunlight exposure to prevent fading.
Handling: Minimize handling and lift from the base to avoid damage.
Storage: Use foam and cotton tying tape to secure unsteady specimens. Any paper material coming into contact with animal proteins should be unbuffered. These specimens should be consistently inspected for pest activity.
Caution: Taxidermy mounts and skins may contain DDT or arsenic to protect against insects; use disposable gloves, respirator and protective clothing when handling

plant specimens

Environment: Cool temperature (around 68°F) and relative humidity should be around 50% to prevent mold growth.
Handling: Wear nitrile gloves to protect yourself and the specimen. When transporting samples, provide even support; use a stiff board if necessary.
Storage: Use specialized herbarium cabinets that allow air circulation within the cabinet. Use boxes designed to fit herbarium mounting sheets and genus folders. Mounting sheets should be kept flat to prevent damage. Before storage, new specimens can be frozen to eliminate pests, but a professional should be consulted.

insect Specimens

Environment: Cool temperature between 50-65°F with a relative humidity below 60%. Keep away from direct sunlight.
Handling: Wear nitrile gloves to protect yourself and the specimen. Use appropriate tools like forceps or insect pins to manipulate specimens rather than touching them directly.
Storage: Use specialized entomology cabinets to protect specimens from damage caused by light, dust and pests, that is designed for use with the most commonly used types of glass-topped entomology drawers: California, Cornell, Kansas University or U.S. National Museum.

Bone Specimens

Environment: Cool temperatures between 50-59°F and 35-55% relative humidity.
Handling: Wear nitrile gloves to protect yourself and the specimen. Provide even support for large bones to avoid damage. Do not attempt to clean bones with water or chemicals without guidance from an expert.
Storage: All storage materials should be acid- and lignin-free and unbuffered. Polyethylene foam can be used for padding and support. Keep bones from the same subject together.

Rock Specimens

Environment: Cool temperatures between 68 and 70°F and a moderate relative humidity of 45-55%.
Handling: Wear gloves to protect yourself and the specimen. Be gentle with fragile or soft minerals. Support specimens adequately when transporting them.
Storage: Use inert materials like polyethylene or polypropylene and acid-free boxes. Cabinets can protect from damaging light. Heavy specimens should be stored on lower shelves for safety and stability. Foam can be used between samples to prevent scratching.

ivory Specimens

Environment: Cool temperature between 59 and 70°F. Relative humidity should be kept between 45-55%. Light exposure should be limited as it can affect the color.
Handling: Wear white cotton gloves. Provide adequate support during transport. Due to ivory's porous nature, it is susceptible to staining from handling with bare hands or contact with metals, colored materials or other contaminants.
Storage: Ivory can be wrapped in acid-free, unbuffered tissue paper.
Note: Documenting the provenance of ivory specimens is required due to the legal restrictions on ivory trade and possession in many countries.